Dejiny a reálie AO - History - 1.ročník

Dejiny a reálie AO

The national symbols of UK

Britain (Britain – pettanike - pretani = tattooed people )

UK- it is monarchy and it consists of 2 kingdoms (scottland, England)

Unification

13.th century- annexation of Wales

1603 – the first Steward ruler came to the throne, union of the crowns

Beginning 18.th- 2 kingdoms were no longer independent, formed 1 parliament in London, also
political union

1801 - Ireland joined union

Beg. 20th. Century – part of Ireland became independent.

Anthem: God Save the Queen/King

It celebrates the monarchy. It is not the anthem by law. In the past it used to be royal anthem, but
people have adopted it.

Flag: Union Jack

In the past Britain dominated in the seas, there was a flag on ships called “Jack” it was later adopted
by other people.

Britannia – personal enbodyment of everything british, female wearing helmet, trident & shield,
mostly accompanied by a lion

England

Named after Anglo-Saxons

Alternative name: Albion (albus=white, white cliffs in sussex)

Patron saint: St. George (celebrated in april, he lived 14. Century, he was born in noble family,
professional soldier, when king ordered persecution of Christians, George has refused, he was killed
and became a martyr.)

Flower: Tudor Rose (combines rose of Lancaster an yorks)

England has male embodiment – John Bull

Scotland

Alternative name: Caledonia

Patron saint: St. Andrew (one of the christ’s apostols, he was crucified on diagonal cross – pictured
on the Scotland flag)

Flower: thistle

Anthem: more anthems, best known is Flower of Scotland/Scotland the Brave

Wales

The celts were driven out of England to wales, anglo Saxons called cambria the land of foreigners

Alt. name: Cambria

Patron saint: St. David (he founded a monastery at place of city St. David

Flower: Daffodil/leek

They don’t have a cross on flag but a dragon

Anthem: land of my fathers

Northen Ireland

Alt. name: Hibernia/Erin (ancient tribe of Hiberny)

Patron saint: St. Patrick (captured by irish pirates, he worked as a slave, escaped to bishop, returned
to Ireland to spread Christianity)

Flower: Shamrock

4.10.

Geography&history

Isolation = uniqueness, because of this development in Britain was ever different than development
in Europe, living on an island can be advantage, because it can’t be conquered so easily. In 1066 it
was conquered by Normans but other attempts have failed. It also encourages sea exploration. In the
17th century had Britain great naval power.

History divided in several periods : prehistoric, romans, medieval (anglo-saxon, norman), early
modern, modern

Prehistory & the Celts

Remains of culture of people BEFORE CELTS:

Barrows (mohyly), henges (ground monuments) = centres of power,

Stonehenge was built before Celts, although it was used by the celts. (Stonehenge = stones seem to
be hanging in the air.

In 700 b.c. came Celts in several waves from the continent to Britain, the Celts became dominant,
whole former population was overwhelmed by Celts.

Druids memorised they doctrine, they learnt everything by heart. The Celts were tattooed (prettani),
typical chequered pattern – tartan.

Language: 2 branches

 Brythonic (Welsh, Cornish)
 Gaelic (Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx)

Ancestors of the Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Highland Scotland

Roman Britain (AD 43-409)

55 BC: Julius Caesar – unsuccessful attempt

43 AD permanent occupation, it was gradual occupation

Londinium – centre of Britannia province

Romans tried to stop cooperation between Celts from Gallia and Britannia, plus there were also
resources.

Boudica’s revolt (AD 61)

She was queen of the Icenni (Celtic tribe), when her husband died Romans couldn’t accept Boudica
as a Queen, her land was conquered and she wanted a revenge on Romans. Firstly she was
successful, but later she was defeated by Romans.

11.10.

Hadrian’s wall

Defence against attacks from Caledonia.

Built by roman emperor Hadrian in 122 AD

Later it was boundary between England and Scotland.

Roman towns

London has 20,000 inhabitants, the most important trading centre in Europe.

York/Chester – each with legion of 7,000

Roman military camps (lat. Castra)

-

Chester – Chester, Winchester

-

Cester – Gloucester, Leicester

-

Caster – Doncaster, Lancaster

Villas – self-sufficient farms in roman empire built near towns and cities

Population

Romanization : the romano-british

People adopted latin language and fashion (toga), lifestyle …

Roman literacy

Romans built plenty of roads; nowadays roads often copy these roman roads

Roman departure

AD 409 – Roman withdrawal to protect the empire

Roman occupation brought also peace & prosperity for Britain.

Anglo-saxon period (450-1066)

Sources of information from this period are written documents:

o Bede’s Ecclesiatical History of the English People
o Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Britania was attacked by The Picts from Caledonia , by Scots from Ireland, by Germanic Anglo-Saxons

Saxon Shore – coast, where were built forts against Anglo-Saxons

Germanic Tribes:

o Angles – east and north
o Saxons – the south
o Jutes – the south-east (Kent)

Reasons for invasion: mild climate + attractive wealthy land.

They were invited to defeat Scots, but then they settled down and occupied the land.

Anglo-Saxon Occupation

County names – Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, east Anglia

Place names: -ing (=family,folk); -ham(=farm); -ton(=settlement)

Celts were decimated or they moved westwards (Wales – Weallas=the land of foreigners) and
northwards (Scotland).

King Offa’s dyke – clay wall along the boundary of Wales to protect Britany from Wales

Anglo-saxon kingdoms

o 7th century :Northumbria--/Mercia/Wessex
o 8th century: King Offa of Mercia – “kingship of England”

Christianization of England

2 sources of Christianity:

 Celtic Christianity spread from monasteries in Celtic areas; preaching to ordinary people
 Roman Christianity the roman Church: 597: Pope Gregory the Great’s missionary Augustin –

mission to Kent; focus on organization & authority – ruling classes & courts

18.10.2011

Clash between 2 churches

663 : The synod of Withby – the Roman church victorious (wins the support of king of Northumbria)

Anglo–Saxon missions to Germanic areas of Europe

Mutual relationship of Church & state

Political reasons – Church strengthens the position of kings

Economic reasons – monasteries = centres of local trade; monks from Frankish islands – contacts to
monasteries on important trade routes in Europe; Lain – international language

Cultural reasons – monasteries = centres of learning; literate churchman = king’s & church’s
administration

Celtic Christianity

St Patrick (5th century) : Ireland christianized

Monasteries

o Iona(st. Columbia)
o Lindisfane
o Jarrow
o Wales: place names beginning or ending with –llan

Bede the Venerable (675-735)

Benedictine Monk

Ecclesiastical History of the English People – “Father of English History”

The BC/AD system

The Vikings (Norsemen/Danes)

Scandinavian origin: Norway/Sweden/Denmark

Excellent sailors, They settles in coast of Scottland in England and Ireland

Several waves:

o 8th century : raids on churches & monasteries
o 9th c: conquering & settling
o 10th c: new raids – Ethelred pays them away

o Danegeld (= Danish money, special tax)

11th c: Canut

Alfred the Great (849-899)

King of Wessex

Promoter of education : Anglo-Saxon chronicle (ordered it’s compilation)

Codifier of law : The Doom Book (Code of Alfred): Anglo-Saxon law

Alfred & the Viking threat

Guthrum’s invasion

878:the battle of Edington

Treaty of Wedmore: Danelaw – part of England controlled by the Vikings

Alfred’s defences –

o forts(=burghs) – one of the commonest place names (-borough)
o standing army – permanent army to protect kingdom
o fleet of ships – “Father of the English Navy”

Edward the Confessor

Church building

o Westminster Abbey
o Pattern of the English village: manor house(economic life) + church(religious life)

French Normans in his court (not popular because of this)

Government & society

Witan=king’s council

o Chooses the king
o Today: Privy council

Shire= administrative unit

o Shire reeve – sheriff
o Today’s county names. Derbyshire, Yorkshire

Manorial system : Manor- tax collection & justice + fyrd

Aldermen =local officials (lords)

8.11

The Norman Conquest 1066

Descendants of the Vikings – Northern France: Normandy

Edward the Confessor – succeeded by William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy

Other candidates: Harold Godwinson, Harold Hardrada
Battle of Stamford Bridge – Harold Godwinson received crown. Hardrada landed on north of England,
but was defeated.
Battle of Hastings – William landed on the South. Harold’s army marched back from N to S. They
were better prepared, but Normans had cavalery and Harold Godwinson was defeated.
1066 -1st king from new dynasty seized the power
Bayeux tapestry tells the story about the Battle of Hastings

Consequences

Anglo-Saxon rebellions – land withdrawals
Language: French
Feudalism – feudal system (fr. Feu= land given in return for service)
Land ownership & land holding : owner=king, holder= vassals,
Homage = promise of loyalty

Domesday Book – survey of the country’s land – possessions of noblemen

England in the 12th century

Succession quarrels
William II had 2 sons Robert ( inherited Normandy) and Henry
Henry I – had no son, so he married his daughter Matilda with Geoffrey Plantagenet (from Anjou)
Stephen – cousin of Matilda became a king, it led to the civil war, that was ended by compromise

The Plantagenets
Henry II + Eleanor of Aquitaine (new part of France added to England)

 Lordship over England

 King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine , Count of Anjou

Thomas Beckett

 Archbishop from Canterbury -> quarrels with the King

 Beckett’s murder; Canterbury -> place of pilgrimage

 Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

15.11.

Magna charta 1215

Richard I. (lionhearted)

followed after Henry II.
Richard had quarrels with Henry II
He took part in the crusade to the Holy Land, he was imprisoned by Austrian duke. Later the kingdom
had to pay ransom for him.
Romantic hero

John I (lackland)

Quarrels with Richard, his brother. He Succeeded him.
Loss of French possessions
Dispute with the Pope Innocent III

 England under a papal interdict (interdict assued by pope, which says, that dead people

cannot be given a Christian burial)

 john’s excommunication

 England a papal fiefdom

Baronial discontent

 Civil war

 1215: Magna Charta – some parts are still in force

o Royal power limited
o Feudal rights confirmed
o Rights of individuals guaranteed (the basis of the right Habeas Corpus “you have the

body”)

o A council of barons
o No one could be imprisoned without court trial

Constitution of the UK
No single constitutional document
Written sources

 Statutes of Parliament

 Common law

Unwritten sources

 Royal prerogatives – right of monarch to dissolve a parliament

 Conventions – if appeal is approved by both houses of parliament, it has to be signed by

monarch (queen Anne refused it as last in 18th century)

Henry III
Heavy spending +foreign advisors
Simon do Montfort’s revolt
1265: de Montfort’s Parliament

 1st directly-elected parliament in medieval Europe

Edward I (Longshanks)
1295: “Model Parliament”

 Clergy + aristocracy

 County: 2 knights

 Borough: 2 burgesses

Wars with Wales & Scotland

o Llewelyn ap Gruffydd

o Prince of Gwynedd
o The last prince of an independent Wales

o 1284: annexation of Wales

o English county system & common law introduced

o Edward I’s son made Prince of Wales

22.11.

Wars with Scotland

o 2 pretenders – Edward wanted the crown for himself
o Invading of Scotland – he captured the stone of destiny (scots believed, that without this

stone no king can be crowned). It was taken to England; it was put into the coronation chair.

o Scotland rebelled against Scotland. Rebellion was led by William Wallace – at the beginning

he was successful, but he wasn’t supported by Scottish aristocracy, so he was captured and
executed.

o Robert Bruce – also rebelled, he became the king of Scottland

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1314: Bannockburn – Edward II defeated

England in 14th century

The Black Death 1348/49
Bubonic plague – swelling on person’s body – buboes
very contagious disease
1/3 of population of Europe died
“Bless you!” – When someone caught this disease, it was told to this sick person, because they
couldn’t do anything else
It was spread by rats, flees

The Hundred Year’s War
1337 – 1453 lasted 116 years; kings of England wanted to control the land in France
Battles: Crecy, Poitiers;
England ways in disadvantage, because of fighting on continent, but they had longbows so they won
Auld Alliance: France + Scotland

Chivalry
Code of chivalry – knight would fight for the code, for himself and to protect the lady
Edward III – the order of the garter – oldest of the titles in England
Black Prince – son of Edward III. He was embodiment of chivalry. He wore black armour.

Peasant’s revolt 1381
Rebellion arose against the king by ordinary people led by Wat Tyler. He was later betrayed and
executed.

Heresy
Lollardy – main representative heretic movement
John Wycliffe: English translation of the Bible

Parliament of the UK – mother of all parliaments

Magna Charta
Supreme legislative which has the right to make laws, it has sovereignty over all other political bodies
Residence – Palace of Westminster (the houses of parlaiament).

Structure
Biclameral parliament

 The lower house – the house of commons – MPs

 The upper house – the house of lord – Peers

 The Sovereign – formally the 3rd part of Parliament and its head

Functions

 Legislation (making laws)

 Scrutiny (checking the government)

 Debating current issues

6.12.

England in the 15th century

Edward I (Longshanks) ->Edward II ->Edward III (his son Edward the Black Prince; Uncle John of
Gaunt, Duke of Lancater ->Henry) ->Richard II –
-- >Henry IV (1st Lancaster on the throne)

The Hundred years’ war (1337 -1453)

Henry V
Battle of Agincourt
Katherine of Valois- daughter of king of France (he married her to strengthen his position)

Joan of Arc
She was betrayed by Burgundians and executed by English church
Maid of Orleans
1453: End of the war – Calais

Henry IV -> Henry V ->Henry VI ->Edward IV (1st of dynasty of York) ->Edward V ->Richard III
->Henry VII

1485: Battle of Bosworth
Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor
Henry VII (1st Tudor on throne)
Houses of Lancaster and York unified in the House of Tudor

The Wars of the Roses (1455 – 1485)

Language and Culture

Universities

o Oxford

o Cambridge

14th century: English is back

Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

15th century: William Caxton – 1st English printer and book retailer

2. semester

16th century – The Glory of the Tudors

Henry VII’s origin
Henry V + Catherine
Catherine + Owain ap Meredith ap Tewdwr
Edmund Tudor
Henry Tudor

Henry VII (1485-1509)
Foundation of strong monarchy
strong royal power – private armies forbidden
trade instead of wars – merchant fleet; he saved a lot of money
only place in France that England possessed was the port of Calais, Henry was titled king of England
and France, it was only formal title and he was not interested in war with France

Yeomen of the guard – personal bodyguards of King, this position was established by Henry VII

etymology: Yeoman = commoner who cultivates his land (Young man / villager)

Henry VIII (1509-1547)
educated
not careful with money, loved partying …, he kept an expensive royal court and residencies
a book against Martin Luther – was given title Defensor Fidei (Defender of the Faith) by the pope for
defending roman catholic church; this title is still used today (but nowadays it refers to protestant
faith)

The Reformation
Reasons

o personal – Henry VIII’s divorce with Catherine of Aragon

-

Catherine was from Spain, the pope was controlled by her nephew, so he didn’t
approved Henry’s divorce. Henry hired experts to find a part in the bible, which
would justify his divorce.

o Economic

-

plenty of rich monasteries and Henry VIII needed the money; he sold the
monasteries, lot of them were destroyed and the stones were used to build castles

o Political

Act of Supremacy -1534 – King Supreme Head of the Church in England
Dissolution of monasteries

Henry VIII’s wives
Catherine of Aragon - divorced

Anne Boleyn -beheaded
Jane Seymour - died
Anne of Cleves - divorced
Katherine Howard - beheaded
Catherine Parr – survived

Edward VI (1547-1553)
Son of Henry VIII, he was only 9 when he became ruler.
1st protestant ruler, spread of protestant ideas
The Book of Common Prayer – Thomas Cranner, the Archbishop of Canterbury
He gave money to noblemen, so they wanted to keep Protestant religion
He was followed by Lady Jane Grey – “the nine day’s queen”. She was imprisoned and executed.

Mary I (1553-1558 Bloody Mary)
The 1st queen Regnant = real ruler not only king’s wife; ruling queen
Catholic oppression; She started persecuting protestants
Marriage with King of Spain, the parliament of England and the whole country was against
she suffered phantom pregnancies, she didn’t have heir, her husband left her
Calais lost – very last possession in France

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
sister of Mary I
known as “Virgin queen”, she used her reputation to her own advantage
religious compromise – Eng. remained protestant country, but the form of protestant religion wasn’t
so radical. She persecutedradical protestants too.
execution of Mary, Queen of Scots; she fled to England, she was accused of plotting against
protestant Elizabeth I; Elizabeth I decide that she should be executed
defeat of the Spanish “Armada” – Spain attacked England, because Eng. became protestant – Sir
Francis Drake – privateer; English destroyed the Spanish fleet with the help of the sea storm.
Trading Empire
Colonial beginnings

 sir Walter Raleigh

 Virginia

West African slave trade
Chartered companies – company got right to go through certain area, the monarchy get amount
money for granting this right

 The East India Company

Shakespeare

17th century - The Stuarts

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Scottish royal house

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king vs. parliament

James I (1603-1625)
1st Stuart on throne ( 1st king named James in England, but VI on throne of Scotland)
1603: personal union between England & Scotland (not political union, each country had its own
parliament)
1605: Gunpowder plot

Guy Fawkes – today: Guy Fawkes Bonfire Night - 5 November

James I was in danger, because he was protestant
King James Bible – ordered translation of the Bible into English, it had influence on the language; one
of his greatest achievements

Charles I (1625-1649)
the only king who lost his head
he married catholic woman from France
disputes with parliament – when he quarrelled with parliament he dissolved it and when he was in
need of money he called for it several times

o political
o religious – controlled by radical protestant groups

petition of rights
crisis in Ireland – Irish were Catholics and they didn’t like protestant ruler so they revolted – Attempt
to arrest 5 MPs – since then the monarch isn’t allowed to enter the parliament.

Civil war
Royalists (Cavaliers) controlled N and W of country
Parliamentarians (Roundheads) - controlled S and E of country – Oliver Cromwell: “model army”
1645: Battle of Naseby – parliamentarians defeated the king
1649: Execution of the King – 1st king of England to be publicly executed

Oliver Cromwell later abolished the monarchy, he became the lord protector

17th century the Stuarts (Republic, Restoration, Glorious Revolution)

Religious situation
catholic vs. protestant
England:

 church of England: state church became established church

 other: e.g. Puritans, Presbyterians, Noncomformist/dissenters – pilgrims, Mayflower,

Plymouth

Scotland:

 Presbyterian Church – state church became established church

English Interregnum (1649-1660)
Republic – Commonwealth of England
Protectorate – Oliver Cromwell = Lord Protector
Oliver Cromwell protestant himself, after the execution of King Charles I, he became lord protector,
and England protectorate
Interregnum = between rule of 2 Stuart kings; also called period of Republic
Oliver Cromwell – cruel, strict, Puritan, official Anglican church was minor, his soldiers killed more
than 6000 Irish as a revenge of a action from a past, when Irish killed many protestant
celebration of Christmas & Easter was forbidden
when he died the monarchy was restored = restoration

Charles II

-

Favoured Catholicism

Test act – law by parliament, which prevent all Catholics from holding public positions
Parliament controlled by Anglicans – they did everything to get rid of puritans
Charles II, despite of being catholic, protected Puritans from parliament
James II, his brother inherited the crown – also favoured Catholicism,
The glorious revolution
without much bloodshed
parliament offered the crown to his protestant daughter Mary, married with William of Orange
Mary II, William III
1689 – Bill of Rights –

1. freedom from royal interference, king was not allowed to collect the taxes without

agreement of parliament

2. king wasn’t allowed to keep army,
3. Freedom of Speech in parliament

England Constitutional monarchy – weak king, parliament holds the power
1701 – The act of settlement – only a Protestant can inherit the crown

18th century

Ann (1702-1714)
1701: The Act of Settlement – only a Protestant can inherit the crown
1707: Acts of union – Kingdom of Great Britain

Monarchy
1714: House of Hannover – Elector of Hanover, those rulers, who could elect for the monarch of
Holy Roman Empire
George I
was called to become a king
Jacobite opposition
James: The old pretender
Charles: the young pretender
The Battle of Culloden (1646) – the last battle on British soil
Government & politics
Robert Walpole – Britain’s 1st prime minister
cabinet – collective responsibility

Government
the great offices of state

 prime minister

 home office:

home secretary

 foreign office:

foreign secretary

 treasury:

Chancellor of the Exchequer

cabinet: - No. 10 Downing street
civil service – they are not replaced after election, they’re experts

26.4.

Robert Walpole – Britain’s 1st prime minister
John Wilkes and liberty
Trade triangle: Britain (industrial goods), West Africa (slaves), America (sugar, rum)
Rule, Britannia! Britannia, rule the waves: Britons never shall be slaves!

Industrial Revolution

Agricultural revolution

 new farming methods

 mechanisation

 enclosures – until 18th century, each village had some land, divided among people, then it

was united; hedgerows enclosures

 changed landscape

 Scotland – in the 18th century it was very poor, British government decided to get rid of

Scottish clan system (it made Scotland very rebellious), all signs of tradition were forbidden

= less people could produce more food, so many people could move to cities

Overview

1. capital

2. labour force
3. demand – people who moved from village to city produced demand
4. new inventions
5. new power
6. transport

Capital – Britain was trading empire, they accumulated enough wealth to fuel the industrial
revolution
Labour force - common land was enclosed, so people were forced to move to towns where they had
to work in factories
demand: producers consumers – greater demand –mass production- need for more labour force-
producers
Inventions
James Watt’s steam engine
John Kay’s “flying shuttle” – a breakthrough in weaving
James Hargreaves James Hargreaves’s “spinning jenny“ – a breakthrough in spinning
Power/Fuel
natural power
James Watt’s steam engine – improved efficiency
coal instead of wood – lack of forests, coal was more efficient
Ironmaking
Transport
waterways – canals
stage coaches
Britain in the 19th century – colonial empire – “the empire on which the sun never sets”
industrial power – the “workshop” of the world
Sea power
Foreign policy
Napoleonic wars

 the battle of Trafalgar (1805) – Horatio Nelson

 Waterloo (1815) – duke of Wellington

o to meet someone’s Waterloo – personal failure

Pax Britannica – balance of power, free market
British avoided wars in 19th century; Pax Britannica = British peace
Britain isolated itself from the rest of Europe, splendid isolation- they chose it

The Empire
China: opium wars – east-Indian company; restriction on trade in china, company smuggled goods, it
led to a war
Russian danger: Crimean war
India: Indian Mutiny – rebellion by mestico native aristocracy
South Africa: Boer wars – Boers = descendants of Dutch settlers
Egypt: the Suez Canal
Canada/Australia/New Zealand – “white” colonisation, self-government
Politics
Spread of democratic principles:

 Suffrage extended (Reform Bill 1832)

 Voting in secret

 Emancipation of the Catholics/ Nonconformists/Jews

 Party system: the Tories = conservatives

the Whigs = liberals

Prime ministers:
Sir Robert Peel (Tory) – established a regular police force in London – “Bobbies”

Lord Palmerston (Whig)
William Gladston (Whig)
Benjamin Disraeli (Tory) – created title “the Empress of India”

Jewel in the crown of the British Empire = India

Chartist movement – People’s charter (1838)

 the vote for adults

 voting in secret

 payment for MPs

 election every year

Rise of the middle classes – change in the structure: Originally merchants, craftsmen, later
industrialists. Then also people in the “professions” (outside industry or business) – doctors, civil
servants, officers
shift of power
aristocracy – industrialists / bourgeoisie
The great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations (1851) – 6 million visitors
the railway – economic effect : cheap transport of goods & people

-

social effect: suburbs; spread of ideas

queen Victoria – empress of india, marriage to prince albert Saxe-Cobourg Gotha, symbol of family
and religious virtues, “ the grandmother of Europe”, Victorian period

The rise of labour party
established in 1900
roots in the trade union movement
1906 labour party in parliament
1924 first labour government
reform instead of socialist revolution
disappearance of the liberal party

the rights of women
Britain: bad situation of women
suffragette movement: extreme methods
war: new opportunities for women
1928: women’s voting rights equal with men

Ireland
beginning of the 19th century
Irish were promised to be given of home rule: delayed by war
republican movement: independence;
1916: Easter rising
1918: republicans meet in the Dail – guerrilla war against Britain
1921: Anglo – Irish Treaty: Irish free state – still within the UK: civil war between the Irish
1937: Ireland declared a republic

Social struggle
social unrest after the war
1926: general strike
the great depression (early 1930s)
economic crisis after the New York stock market crash in October 1929 (Black Tuesday)
High unemployment in Britain (3 million)
Germany under Hitler – danger of war: war industries

economic recovery

Britain’s decline
growing German & US competition

Alliances

 The Allies (the triple Entente)

o Britain

o France

o Russia

o Italy
o Usa

 The Central powers

o Germany
o Austria – Hungary
o Ottoman empire
o Bulgaria

The Great war (1914-1918)
volunteers – people were not forced to join the army
conscription – people were no longer willing to join the army

new weapons and warfare :
trench warfare – zákopová vojna
aircraft – zeppelin airships – raids on targets in Britain, January 1915 the 1st raid – 1st bombing of
civilians ever; fighters
poisonous gas
submarines – especially Germans, 40% of British merchant supply ships were sunk
tanks – British invention

Battle of Jutland (1916) – naval blockade of Germany
Battle of Somme (1916) – (100 000 Britons killed)
Peace – Armistice treaty (November 11, 1918)
The treaty of Versailles (1919) – severe punishment for Germany

Legacy – Remembrance day (11 November)
(Armistice day or Poppy day)
Cenotaph ceremony on remembrance Sunday
poppy appeal – fundraising for the veterans
1936: Edward’s VIII abdication
Rise of Hitler’s Germany: 1933
Appeasement – Neville Chamberlain – policy of concessions to Germany
Munich agreement –September 1938 – Czechoslovakia sacrificed
I believe it is peace for our time… (Chamberlain)
Outbreak of War – September 1, 1939: The Invasion of Poland
USSR+USA+UK vs. Germany + Italy+Japan