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Morphology is the field within linguis

tics

that studies the internal

structure of words.

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• the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.

a morpheme

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

be identifiable from one word to

another



and



Contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.

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Analytical process: Synthetical process:

Doctor

doktor

To a doctor

k doktorovi

English

Slovak

more and shorter words fewer and longer words

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 Monofunctional morphemes – agglutination

• Polyfunctional morphemes – inflection

• Analytical process - isolation.

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Models of morphology

• Morpheme-based morphology, which makes use of an Ite

m-and-Arrangement approach.

• Lexeme-based morphology, which normally makes use of

an Item-and-Process approach.

• Word-based morphology, which normally makes use of a W

ord-and-Paradigm approach.

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A word and its forms: DERIVATION

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MORPHEMES

 derivational

inflectional

work – work(-s)

work – work (-ed)

paradigm

read + -er

un- + tie

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 Derivationally related words are

different words with a shared base.

 We talk about so called word classes ,

primary grammatical categories, parts of

speech or lexical categories:

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Why do we group words into categories?

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 The lexicon (vocabulary) of language - much higher

than a hundred thousand.

 It is convenient not to study individual items but to

group certain items into classes sharing certain

features, and examine them together

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

conversion (or zero derivation)



word passing from one word class to

another (or several others) without

taking any affix

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Verbs derived from verbs

Adverbs derived from adjectives:

Nouns derived from nouns

Nouns derived from members of other word classes

Adjectives derived from adjectives

Adjectives derived from members of other word classes

Verbs derived from members of other word classes

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

Jill laid the book on the table.





The book lay on the table.

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

Intransitive

Transitive



LIE (past lay) LAY (past laid)



RISE (past rose)

RAISE ( raised)



FALL (past fell)

FELL (past felled)



SIT (past sat) SET (past set)

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

The transitive verbs are called

CAUSATIVE that is they mean „cause

to X “where X stands for the

meaning of the corresponding

intransitive.

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

A word and its forms: INFLECTION

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

(- s ), (- ed),(-er), are attached to words to indicate

their grammatical functions, for example number,

tense, degree, without involving a full semantic

change (i.e. a change in meaning).



i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes.



p a r a d i g m



Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of the

same word



A paradigm is the complete set of related word-forms

associated with a given lexeme

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LEXEME ?

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

PERFORM



This pianist performs in the local hall

every week.



Mary told us that this pianist

performed in the local hall every week.



These pianists perform in the local hall

every week.

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

PERFORM = LEXEME=an abstract

kind of word of which the word

forms are all inflectional variants

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

TELL is a lexeme of told (past tense of

tell )



PIANIST is a lexeme of PIANISTS

(plural of pianist)

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

Inflection vs. word-formation

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

inflectional rules - relate different
forms of the same lexeme



word-formation - relate two different
lexemes.

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

word-formation:



derivation and compounding

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

Roots in English are mostly free

rather than bound.

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

How can we tell that a pair of such

roots constitutes a compound word?

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a green house
a greenhouse

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

Black bóard (board that is black)

bláckboard

(board for writing on)



Silk wórm (worm made of silk = toy)

sílkworm(caterpillar that spins silk)



Hair nét (net made of hair)

háirnet ( net for covering hair)



White house (house that is white)

(the) Whíte House


Toy fáctory (factory that is a toy)

tóy factory (factory where toys are made)

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

COMPOUNDS

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

Stress (only compound nouns)



meaning that is more or less

idiosyncratic (unusual) or

unpredictable .

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

COMPOUND VERBS:



COMPOUND ADJECTIVES



COMPOUND NOUNS



HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS



BLENDS AND ACRONYMS



COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND

COMBINING FORMS



PHRASAL WORDS

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

COMPOUND VERBS:



COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

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

COMPOUND VERBS

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

VERB_VERB (VV)



stir-fry, freeze-dry



NOUN –VERB (NV)



hand-wash, air-condition , steam-clean



ADJECITVE-VERB (AV)



dry-clean, whitewash



PREPOSITION-VERB (PV)

underestimate, outrun, overcook

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

right-headed

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

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

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

NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA)
sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich



ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA)

grey-green, red-hot


PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA)

underfull, overactive